Is anyone interested in answering these questions that I've come up with and just comparing our answers and clarifying certain things? As I think the more questions we can become familiar with and answer the more clear it becomes :)!! Here are some questions:
1) Briefly explain the 3 lines of defence
2) What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
3) Explain a type one allergic response (anaphylaxsis), both the first contact stage (sensitisation) and the second contact stage (subsequent response)
4) Explain the clinical link with Diabetes and Perio
Feel free to post question you've come up with yourself aswell!!
Question One:
ReplyDeleteThe first line of defence (innate system:
- Is both your physical and chemical external barriers which assist in preventing the penetration of pathogens and foreign substances into the body.
- For example it does so through your skin, perspiration, tears, saliva, gastric juices to name a few
The second line of defence is non specific
mechanisms (also the innate system:
- leuokocytes (granulocytes and agranulocytes)and macrophages
- antimicrobial substances (interferons, complement system, iron binding proteins etc)
- inflammation (local defensive respone to tissue injury, cardinal signs)
- Fever (fever in moderation is good as inhibits growth of microbes, elevates metabollic rate and speeds up bodys reaction accelerating tissue repair)
Third line of defence (the ADAPTIVE system):
- 3 major characteristics: specificity, systematic, memory
- Two types: cell mediated (direct attack and destructions of foreign cells or diseased host cells, Humoral immunity (mediated by antibodies)
- Cells of adaptive immunity include Lymphocytes (Tcells, B cells, NK cells), APC's (antigen presenting cells) and all cells placed in strategic position
Question two:
The cardinal signs of inflammation are:
-REDNESS (erythema), caused by hyperaemia which means 'increased blood flow to the site by local vasodilation enables WBC's to travel to site quickly and in large numbers'
- SWELLING (oedema) due to increased fluid filtration from capillaries
-HEAT (from hyperaemia) due to high metabolic rate and speed of tissue repair
-PAIN due to direct injury to nerves/pressure on nerves from oedema
** I always remember the first letter for each sign like this R-eally, S-o, H-opelessly, P-oor (which all us uni students can relate to
Question three:
FIRST CONTACT:
- Allergen enters body
- APC displays fragment on outside of cell
- Activates helper T cell (identifies invader, mulitplies and carries antigen)
- Cytokines produced
- B cell activated and differentiated into plasma cell which spits out IGE antibodies which then attach to the mast cell
SECOND CONTACT:
- More of the same allergen invades body
- Allergen recognised by the IGE and picked up and binded to it
- This triggers degranulation and release of histamine
-Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky, which promotes edema (swelling), which stimulates secretion of large amounts of mucus, which causes smooth muscles to contract
= Inflammation and swelling (possible constriction of respiratory passages)
Patient would need epipen (adrenaline)
QUESTION FOUR:
Regardless of whether its type one or type two diabetes the causes of perio remain the same. The reason perio is a huge risk factor for people with diabetes is the immunoinflammatory response that occurs which leads to tissue destruction. The two main causes are the altered PMN phenotype which includes: PMN becomes destructive, stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone etc and the second cause being a change in PMN function which includes: reduced immune function, reduced phagocytosis, reduced lysosomal enzymes, reduced migration ability, adherance and chemotaxis etc.
Its also important to remember that the patient may be experiencing raised blood sugar levels because the cells cant uptake glucose, this would result in an increase of glucose in saliva and much higher susceptibility for caries. Finally, well controlled diabetes combined with good OH= no increased risk.
Great answers Olivia! Thanks!
ReplyDeleteThere is something on the topic of allergic reactions I would like to mention. As I understand it:
Type one is immediate or acute hypersensitivity. This includes allergies and if allergen enters the blood system directly it can cause anaphylactic shock.
Type four on the other hand is delayed hypersensitivity and this includes allergic contact dermatitis (eg latex allergy).
Well done team. Are you clear on the role of insulin and glucose metabolism. The reason why you get neutrophils affected so badly in uncontrolled diabetes is because the circulating glucose binds to the cell receptors of the neutrophils, therefore cell to cell communication is affected, as is their ability to migrate due to chemotaxis.
ReplyDelete