Embryology

Yes any abnormalities that occur in the cap stage (eg dens in dente) will then remain as part of the tooth in the ensuing stages.If differentation of cells of enamel organ does not happen in bell stage, apposition of enamel, dentine etc will be affected.

Immunology

Finally got on the blog! have posted this on FB as well.

I wanted to post some questions i have from the Marieb Workbook for people to try:
Immunology:
1. The three major elements of te bodys innate defense system are:
The ___, consisting of the skin and ______; defensive cells, such as _____ and phagocytes; and a whole deluge of _______
2. Indicate the sites of activity of the secretions of the surface membranes:
Lyzosome is found in the body secretions called ____ and ____. Fluids with an acid PH are found in the ____ and ____. Sebum is a product of ____ glands and acts at the surface of the________.
3. What are the three important characteristics of the adaptive immune response?
4. Define Immunocompetence:
5. What signifies that a lymphocyte has become immunocompetent?
6. As an infant receives her first does of oral polio vacine, the nurse explains to her parents that the vacine is a preparation of weakened virus. What time of immunity will the infant develop?
7. How does chewing sugar free gum decrease the likelyhood of caries?
Mutliple Choice:
Which of the following are cardinal signs of inflamation:
a - phagocytosis
b- leukocytosis
c- edema
d- pain
Chemical mediators of inflamation include:
a- pyrogens
b- histamine
c- prostaglandins
d- Lymphokines
Which term describes the WBCs ability of squeeze through capillary endothelium into tissue spaces?
a- diapedesis
b- margination
c- degranulation
d - positive chemotaxis.

If you want the other sections i'll put them up x

Practice exam! 2005

Hi, just a quick question I tried to attemp part B) of one of the questions from the immunology section! Following on from the cardinal signs of inflammation (which was fine) I know that histamine, complementm kinins and prostaglandins are all chemical mediators.. I've researched the ones I dont know well at all.. But still having trouble putting it in context/answer.. has anyone else done this question and could help me out?

Embryology

Are the 4 cell types of enamel organ (IEE, OEE, SR and SI) first present in Bell stage and if so does that mean that in Cap stage they are all just classed as enamel organ as they are still differentiating?

Immunology Workshop

There was a question in our Immunology Workshop that asked why does loose connective tissue appear more cellular than dense irregular CT. Any ideas?

IMMUNOLOGY REVISION

Is anyone interested in answering these questions that I've come up with and just comparing our answers and clarifying certain things? As I think the more questions we can become familiar with and answer the more clear it becomes :)!! Here are some questions:

1) Briefly explain the 3 lines of defence
2) What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
3) Explain a type one allergic response (anaphylaxsis), both the first contact stage (sensitisation) and the second contact stage (subsequent response)
4) Explain the clinical link with Diabetes and Perio

Feel free to post question you've come up with yourself aswell!!

Revision Semester 2 Neurology

Great to see so many of you at the revision session today.

I have listed some MCQs for you to answer in this shared forum and discuss.

Have fun::

1.    Which of the following is an element of the peripheral nervous system?
a. Receptors
b. Cervical plexus
c. Ganglia
d. Trigeminal nerve
e. All of the above

2.    The colloquialism "gray matter" refers to somebody using his intellect or reasoning ability. In reality, what is gray matter?
a. Meninges
b. Myelinated nerve fibers
c. Cell bodies
d. Nodes of Ranvier
e. Neurofilaments

3.    All of the following are properties of neurons, except:
a. High metabolic rate
b. Longevity
c. Specialized for conduction
d. High mitotic rate
e. Limited ability for oxygen deprivation

4.   The action potential of a nerve cell:

            a)  results from a large increase in the membrane permeability to sodium ions.

              b)   can summate one with another.

              c)    may vary considerably in amplitude.

              d)    becomes larger as stimulus strength increases.

5.    The velocity of action potential propagation:

       a)   is independent of an axon’s diameter.

       b)  depends on the thickness of the myelin around the axon.

       c)   will be unaffected if the axon becomes demyelinated.

       d)     is fastest in unmyelinated axons. 

6.               In a neuron, neurotransmitters are stored in 

         a)   the cell body

         b)   vesicles within dendrites 

         c)    the cytoplasm of the nucleus

        d)   vesicles within axon terminal 

7.   Which of the following actions would be considered a parasympathetic response?

           A)   increase in heart rate

B)   decrease in digestion

            C)   increase in salivation

            D)   decrease in salivation

   

Short Answer:

1. Outline your understanding of a voltage gated channel. 

2. What is a receptor? Which type of receptors are found in the human body?

3. What role do the association neurons play in the CNS?